PREVALENCE AND MAIN PROBLEMS OF ANEMIA IN CHILDREN WITH CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE
Abstract
Relevance. In recent years, chronic kidney disease (CKD) has become a serious global health problem. Mortality due to CKD continues to rise, and according to forecasts, by 2040 these diseases may rank fifth among all causes of death. In children, anemia frequently develops against the background of CKD and is associated with cardiovascular complications and a decrease in quality of life. Moreover, untimely diagnosis and ineffective treatment of anemia accelerate the progression of CKD. Therefore, prevention and optimization of effective treatment methods for CKD-associated anemia in children are of high importance. Objective. To analyze the prevalence of anemia in children with chronic kidney disease, determine the causes of its development, assess the effectiveness of existing therapeutic approaches, and develop preventive recommendations based on these findings. Materials and methods. The analysis was conducted using international databases — PubMed, Scopus, Mendeley, CyberLeninka — and national electronic sources. The search was performed using the keywords “chronic kidney disease in children, anaemia, treatment, prevention” and “children, chronic kidney disease, anemia, prevention.” More than 175 scientific sources were reviewed, and 38 of them were analyzed in depth. Results. The global prevalence of CKD has more than doubled between 1990 and 2021. It was found that the prevalence of CKD among children is nearly comparable to that in adults. The prevalence of anemia in chronic kidney disease depends on the stage of the disease. Among children with CKD stages III–V, anemia was observed in 80–90% of cases. One of the main causes of anemia is reduced erythropoietin production by the kidneys, which occurs even at early stages of CKD. Several challenges in the management of anemia in this group of patients remain unresolved. Conclusion. Anemia is highly prevalent among children with chronic kidney disease, and its severity correlates with the stage of renal insufficiency. To prevent anemia, it is important to regularly monitor hemoglobin and ferritin levels, identify sources of infection in a timely manner, and individually select iron supplements and erythropoiesis-stimulating agents. A comprehensive and personalized approach can reduce anemia-related complications in CKD and improve the quality of life in affected children.
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List of references
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