Medical science of Uzbekistan

BRONCHIAL OBSTRUCTION SYNDROME IN YOUNG CHILDREN: CLINICAL FEATURES, DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT

Shoira Ibatova — 2025-04-16

Broncho-obstructive syndrome (BOS) is one of the most common symptom complexes accompanying various diseases of the bronchopulmonary system. Its development can be caused by many factors, including congenital and hereditary pathologies of the respiratory system, anomalies in the formation of the bronchi, respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn, primary immunodeficiency states, aspiration of foreign bodies, consequences of perinatal lesions, gastroesophageal reflux, thymus hyperplasia, enlargement of the intrathoracic lymph nodes, tumor processes and other pathological conditions. Clinical manifestations of broncho-obstructive syndrome are characterized by prolonged exhalation, the appearance of expiratory noises (wheezing), varying degrees of respiratory failure, retraction of compliant areas of the chest, as well as possible signs of hypoxemia, including perioral or diffuse cyanosis. Diagnosis of broncho-obstructive syndrome is based on a comprehensive analysis of anamnestic data, clinical symptoms, physical examination results, instrumental and laboratory research methods. The key diagnostic methods are lung auscultation, spirometry assessment, pulse oximetry, chest radiography, bronchoscopy and, if necessary, CT of the respiratory organs. Treatment of broncho-obstructive syndrome should be comprehensive and aimed primarily at eliminating the cause of bronchial obstruction. Therapeutic tactics include bronchodilators, mucolytics, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial drugs (in the presence of infection), as well as oxygen therapy in case of severe hypoxia. Inhaled glucocorticosteroids can be used for chronic forms of BOS, and surgical treatment in case of anatomical anomalies of the respiratory tract. Broncho-obstructive syndrome is a serious clinical condition that requires timely diagnosis and adequate treatment aimed at both relieving symptoms and eliminating the underlying cause of the pathology.

USE OF PHYTOTHERAPY IN TREATMENT OF VIRAL HEPATITIS C

Ranokhon Yakubova — 2025-04-16

Relevance. Viral hepatitis C remains one of the most common liver diseases that requires complex treatment. Due to the limited capabilities of modern medicine in the fight against this disease, the search for additional treatment methods becomes an urgent task. Phytotherapy, as one of the alternative approaches, attracts the attention of researchers due to its availability, low toxicity and potential effectiveness. The introduction of herbal preparations into the complex treatment of viral hepatitis C can help improve clinical outcomes and reduce negative side effects. Despite many studies in the field of herbal medicine associated with various liver diseases, data on the use of plants in the treatment of viral hepatitis C remain limited. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to review and analyze the available literature to assess the potential of herbal medicine as an additional method of treating this disease. The purpose of the study is the use of herbal medicine in the treatment of viral hepatitis C. Materials and methods of research. We observed 128 patients with chronic hepatitis C aged 20 to 60 years, including 46 men and 82 women, who were divided into two groups of 64 people each, randomized by gender and duration of the disease. Patients in the first (main) groups were treated using basic therapy and phytotherapy according to the proposed method, patients in the second group (comparison) received phytotherapy in addition to basic therapy in accordance with the existing prototype method, clinical and laboratory parameters were compared in both groups before the start of treatment, later after the completion of the course of phytotherapy (i.e. after 1 month) and during the period of dispensary examination for 1 year after the completion of phytotherapy in both groups of those examined. Research results. In the comparison group, stable clinical and biochemical remission of chronic viral hepatitis C was achieved after completion of the phytotherapy course in 71.4-4.2% of cases, which is probably less than in the main group (P < 0.05). The use of the proposed method of phytotherapy contributed to an increase in the duration of achieving remission of chronic viral hepatitis. Conclusion. As a result of phytotherapy using the proposed method, the patient achieved complete remission of chronic viral hepatitis C. In general, phytotherapy is a promising direction in the treatment of viral hepatitis, requiring further study and implementation in clinical practice.

CLINICAL FEATURES OF GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT LESIONS IN PATIENTS WITH SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS

Gulshan Iskanova — 2025-04-16

Relevance. Systemic lupus erythematosus is a common disease among rheumatic diseases of childhood. The frequency of the disease has a steady upward trend due to changes in the environment and eating disorders. The aim of the study was to evaluate the expected effect of antiulcer therapy with histamine H2-receptor blockers on the condition of the gastric mucosa in patients taking GCS for a long time. Materials and methods of research. The study prospectively evaluated the effect of antiulcer therapy on the morphological picture of the stomach in 56 patients with SLE who had been continuously taking corticosteroids for a long time. The results of the study. The positive effect of successful ranitidine therapy on the condition of the gastric mucosa was observed in patients with SLE who had been continuously using GCS for a long time and continued to take these drugs. Conclusion. A prospective assessment of the morphological effects of anti-ulcer therapy in patients with SLE who had been using corticosteroids for a long time and continued to take them showed a statistically significant positive trend in the morphological parameters of the antrum and fundus of the stomach.

CLINICAL AND LABORATORY FEATURES OF RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRAL INFECTION IN YOUNG CHILDREN

Gulnoza Yusupova — 2025-04-16

Relevance. Respiratory syncytial infection is the most common cause of lower respiratory tract damage in children under 5 years of age. Respiratory syncytial virus infection is the most common cause of severe lower respiratory tract disease in children, with the development of bronchiolitis, obstructive bronchitis and pneumonia.The purpose was to study the clinical and laboratory characteristics of respiratory syncytial virus infection in young children. Materials and methods of the study. A general clinical examination, PCR of nasopharyngeal swabs for respiratory viruses, and bacteriological examination of throat and nasal swabs for pathogenic flora were carried out. 45 young children hospitalized in a hospital with laboratory confirmed MS infection. Research results. It was established that the disease occurs with a slightly pronounced intoxication-febrile syndrome against the background of moderate catarrhal symptoms. The severity is determined by respiratory failure due to the development of obstructive bronchitis, which is registered in 84.2% of cases, bronchiolitis, which is diagnosed in every third young patient, and, less commonly, pneumonia (15.8%). Conclusion. Children under one year of age are characterized by a severe course due to obstructive bronchitis, bronchiolitis or pneumonia with the development of severe respiratory failure.

GALACTOSEMIA IN NEWBORNS

Kamola Yaxyayeva — 2025-04-16

Relevance. Galactosemia is a rare inherited disease that occurs as a result of a genetic mutation blocking the enzymes involved in galactose metabolism. Clinical manifestations are directly related to the accumulation of intermediate metabolites in the body and impaired function of internal organ cells. The aims and objectives of the study: to study the frequency and clinical features of galactosemia in children. Materials and methods of the study. To solve the set tasks, we conducted a study of clinical, anamnestic and laboratory and instrumental examination parameters in children with galactosemia. Research results. The study revealed that the frequency of galactosemia health of the mother, her obstetric and gynecological history, the peculiarities of the course of pregnancy and childbirth do not play a significant role in the development of galactosemia in newborns. Conclusion. We have determined that the age, health of the mother, her obstetric and gynecological history, the peculiarities of the course of pregnancy and childbirth do not play a significant role in the development of galactosemia in newborns.

OPTIMIZATION OF THE TREATMENT OF ATOPIC DERMATITIS IN CHILDREN WITH ZINC DEFICIENCY

Maktuba Mirrahimova — 2025-04-16

The aim of the study was to evaluate the clinical significance of zinc deficiency in children with atopic dermatitis and its correction. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted at the multidisciplinary clinic of Tashkent Medical Academy in the department of pediatric allergology on 38 children aged 2-7 years with atopic dermatitis (AD). The children were divided into 3 groups: the main group - children with AD diagnosis receiving the main treatment + zinc, n=15 (39.5%); the comparison group - children with AD receiving only the main treatment, n=23 (60.5%); and the control group - almost healthy children, n=15. The clinical manifestations of AD were assessed using the SCORAD index. Clinical examination included anamnesis collection and objective examination. All children underwent standard laboratory tests and evaluation of zinc levels in blood serum (using X-ray fluorescence analysis). Results: All children with AD were divided into 2 groups based on the Zn content in their blood serum. The first group (main group) included children with serum Zn concentrations below 9.5 µmol/L. The second group (comparison group) included children with serum Zn concentrations above 10 µmol/L. In the main group, nail hyperkeratosis was observed in 7 children (46.7%), perioral dermatitis in 11 children (73.3%), and perianal dermatitis in 7 children (46.7%). In the comparison group, nail hyperkeratosis was observed in 2 children (8.7%), perioral dermatitis in 6 children (26.1%), and perianal dermatitis in 3 children (13.4%). Children in the main group received the main treatment and additionally took a zinc-containing preparation for 1 month. In the comparison group, children received only the main treatment. After treatment, a positive dynamic of AD symptoms was observed in the main group. The introduction of zinc-containing preparation not only significantly improved the SCORAD index but also helped to moisturize the skin. In the main group, an increase in blood zinc levels was recorded, and further treatment with zinc-containing preparation was recommended. For children with normal zinc levels, zinc-containing preparations were added to their diet. Conclusion: Thus, zinc deficiency in serum was found in 39.5% of children in the study group. Zinc deficiency in children with AD was accompanied by clinical manifestations such as nail hyperkeratosis, perioral and perianal dermatitis. It is recommended to prescribe zinc-containing preparations for correcting zinc deficiency in patients with AD.

ASSOCIATION OF THE PRO72ARG (RS1042522) POLYMORPHISM OF THE TP53 GENE WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF MYELOPROLIFERA-TIVE NEOPLASMS IN THE KHOREZM REGION

Marguba Zhumaboeva — 2025-04-16

Objective: To evaluate the impact of allele and genotype variants of the Pro72Arg (rs1042522) polymorphism of the TP53 gene on the development of myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs). Materials and methods: The study involved 110 patients with clinically and genetically confirmed cases of Рh-positive and Рh-negative MPNs, examining the role of the Pro72Arg (rs1042522) polymorphism of the TP53 gene in the development and prognosis of MPNs. Among them, 34 patients (CML – 26, IP – 7, IT-1) resided in ecologically unfavorable regions of the Khorezm region near the Aral Sea (Group I), and 76 patients (CML – 40, IP – 24, IT – 10, PMF – 2) lived in relatively favorable areas within the Khorezm region (Group II). DNA samples from 105 unrelated healthy individuals of Uzbek ethnicity were used as controls. Results: The results showed that the Pro allele is associated with an increased likelihood of developing diseases, while the high frequency of the Arg allele in the control group suggests a protective effect (χ² = 12.4; p = 0.01). The Pro/Pro genotype was significantly common in patients from unfavorable regions of Xorezm region (χ2=5.6; p=0.03; RR=3.6; 95%CI: 1.05-12.38;), statistical indicators of this genotype indicate its potential association with an increased risk of the disease, the presence of which increases the risk of developing MPN by more than 4 times (OR=4.2; 95%CI:1.27-13.57); whereas the Pro/Arg genotype (χ² = 5.9; p = 0.03) was significantly associated with an increased risk of disease, raising the risk of developing MPNs by more than 2 times (OR = 2.1; 95% CI: 1.15-3.77). The Arg/Arg genotype (χ² = 11.1; p = 0.01), on the other hand, was associated with a protective effect, with its high frequency in the control group confirming its role as a factor that reduces the risk of disease.

PRECINCTION, ETIOLOGY, PATHOGENESIS OF ORAL DISEASES IN PATIENTS ON HEMODIALYSIS

Nazira Khabibova — 2025-04-16

Introduction: Hemodialysis (HD) is one of the primary treatment methods for patients with end-stage renal disease. While this procedure aims to improve patients' quality of life, long-term hemodialysis may lead to various pathological changes in the oral cavity. Objective: To determine the prevalence of oral cavity diseases in hemodialysis patients, analyze the pathogenesis of these conditions. Materials and Methods: The study included 158 patients. Among them, 108 were undergoing hemodialysis, 30 had chronic kidney disease but were not receiving HD, and 30 healthy individuals served as the control group. The dental status of patients was assessed using clinical and laboratory analyses. Results and Discussion: The study results showed that 70% of hemodialysis patients exhibited oral diseases. In particular, a high prevalence of xerostomia (dry mouth syndrome), gingivitis, stomatitis, and mucositis was identified. Uremic toxins and electrolyte imbalances were the primary contributing factors to the development of these pathological conditions. Conclusion: A high incidence of oral cavity diseases was observed among hemodialysis patients. The development of individualized dental care programs for these patients is essential. Additionally, ensuring proper hydration and recommending the use of antiseptic mouth rinses are of significant importance.

CLINICAL-INSTRUMENTAL STUDY OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM STATUS IN CHILDREN WITH BRONCHIAL ASTHMA

Noila Tolipova — 2025-04-16

Aim of the study: To investigate the state of the cardiovascular system in children with bronchial asthma based on clinical and instrumental research data. Materials and methods: To achieve this goal, a study was conducted among patients aged 4 to 16 years with bronchial asthma receiving treatment in the pediatric department of the 1st Clinical Hospital of Tashkent and under dispensary observation, using electrocardiographic examination (45 children) and clinical assessment (41 children). Additionally, information about the patients was collected through a questionnaire. The diagnosis of «Bronchial asthma in children» was established. The average age of the children was 12 years +/- 1 year according to the national declaration «Strategy for Treatment and Prevention». Among the children with mild bronchial asthma, there were 31 children (32%), and those with moderate severity constituted 49 children (59%). Six children with severe bronchial asthma were also examined. Results: The study revealed that bronchial asthma and its symptoms are a common cause of diseases related to respiratory dysfunction. Individual preventive and therapeutic measures should be implemented to prevent the spread of coronavirus, as this increases the risk of disease development. Therapeutic measures include comprehensive treatment, medical therapies, rehabilitation, and the use of medical equipment to improve quality of life. We express our gratitude for your continued support of health and the preventive measures taken. The human body, bronchial asthma, and other medical conditions require treatment with complex therapeutic agents.

EPIDEMIOLOGY AND GENETIC ASPECTS OF CYSTIC FIBROSIS (LITERATURE REVIEW)

Farida Khamidova — 2025-04-16

Relevance. Cystic fibrosis (CF), also known as mucoviscidosis or Landsteiner-Fanconi disease, is an autosomal recessive hereditary disorder characterized by systemic damage to the exocrine glands. It manifests as pathological mucus secretion, leading to chronic inflammation and dysfunction of the respiratory, digestive, and reproductive systems. Among all forms of the disease, the intestinal form is the most common, particularly in newborns, making it essential to study its prevalence, immunohistological features, and genetic predisposition. The aim of the research is to investigate the epidemiology and genetic aspects of cystic fibrosis. Results. Analysis of various screening programs indicates that the most effective methods combine biochemical analysis (IRT) with molecular testing (CFTR variant panels). However, the effectiveness of newborn screening (NBS) depends on establishing optimal IRT threshold values, expanding genetic testing panels to account for ethnic specificity, and implementing repeat testing to reduce the proportion of false-negative cases. Conclusion. This review examines current research on the implementation of screening programs, the sensitivity and specificity of tests, and the clinical significance of identified CRMS/CFSPID cases.

LARYNGOPHARYNGEAL REFLUX AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH CHRONIC HYPERPLASTIC LARYNGITIS

Nilufar Khushvakova — 2025-04-16

Relevance. Chronic hyperplastic laryngitis (CHL) is one of the most common pathologies of the larynx, affecting up to 10% of patients with ENT diseases. In 5% of cases, it precedes the development of laryngeal cancer, making early diagnosis and timely treatment critical criteria for preventing malignant transformation of tissues. The main risk factors for CHL have been described, including smoking, alcohol consumption, exposure to carcinogenic substances, and chronic inflammatory processes of the upper respiratory tract. A review of modern diagnostic methods for laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR), such as 24-hour pH monitoring, multichannel impedance analysis, and salivary pepsin testing, has been conducted. Data on the impact of LPR on vocal function, including increased acoustic and aerodynamic disturbances in patients with chronic inflammatory laryngeal diseases, are presented. The aim of the study is to investigate the influence of laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) on the development of chronic hyperplastic laryngitis (CHL) and precancerous conditions of the larynx, as well as to evaluate modern methods of diagnosis and treatment of this pathology. Results of the study. Chronic hyperplastic laryngitis (CHL) is a pathological process characterized by hyperplasia of the laryngeal mucosa and changes in its structure, creating favorable conditions for tissue malignancy. Conclusion. Modern diagnostic methods (pH-impedance monitoring, pepsin analysis, videolaryngostroboscopy) play a key role in identifying LPR, but there is still no single gold standard for diagnosis, which complicates the diagnosis and choice of treatment strategy.

THE PREVALENCE OF ATOPIC DERMATITIS AMONG CHILDREN IN SAMARKAND REGION

Mansur Tolibov — 2025-04-16

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is one of the most common chronic inflammatory skin diseases among children. This article presents the results of a retrospective study on the prevalence of AD among children in the Samarkand region in 2024. The analysis of the disease was conducted based on region, gender, and age groups, and associated comorbidities were identified. The clinical characteristics of the patients, diagnostic criteria used, and methods for assessing the severity of the disease were determined. Research Objective. The aim of the study is to analyze the frequency of atopic dermatitis (AD) cases among children in the Samarkand region, as well as to investigate the clinical features of the disease. Materials and Methods. The study was conducted in 2024 at the Samarkand branch of the specialized scientific-practical medical center for dermatovenereology and cosmetology. The study included children who sought medical attention for skin diseases. In 2024, the total number of patients visiting the center was 42,917, of whom 1,330 (3.1%) suffered from atopic dermatitis. Research Results. The following clinical forms were identified in patients with atopic dermatitis: Erythematous-squamous form – 61 cases (39 boys, 22 girls); Exudative form – 18 cases (10 boys, 8 girls); Lichenoid form – 12 cases; Pruriginous form – 9 cases. The SCORAD index was used to diagnostically assess the severity of the disease. According to the examination results: Mild form (up to 40 points) – 51%; Moderate form (40-60 points) – 37%; Severe form (over 60 points) – 12%. Conclusions. In the Samarkand region, the prevalence of atopic dermatitis among children is 3.1% of the total number of patients with skin diseases. The highest incidence rate was recorded in the Taylak, Urgut, and Samarkand districts, where 60.8% of all cases were identified. Gender analysis showed a predominance of the disease among boys (63.5%).

COURSE AND DIAGNOSIS OF ACUTE PANCREATITIS IN CHILDREN

Shoira Ibatova — 2025-04-16

Relevance. Acute pancreatitis is one of the most severe diseases of the digestive system and if not diagnosed in time, complications may develop. The aim of the study. To determine the diagnostic criteria for acute pancreatitis. Materials and methods of the study. An examination of 25 children aged 9 to 15 years with acute pancreatitis was conducted. All patients underwent a general blood, urine and feces analysis, a biochemical blood test, as well as an ultrasound examination of the pancreas and liver. Research results and discussion. According to the survey results, 100% of patients experienced the onset of pain within the first 1.5-2 hours, and patients accurately indicated the location of the pain. Of these, 59% of patients experienced severe, stabbing pain in the epigastric region, and 33% experienced pain in the left side. After 2-3 hours, the pain radiated to the lower back and spine, and 6.3% to the left shoulder. Patients often experience nausea, vomiting, dry mouth, constipation, flatulence, increased sweating, and weakness. Positive symptoms of Shchetkin-Blumberg, Kerte, Kacha, Mayo-Robson were noted during palpation. Conclusions. Mondoran's triad is an accurate universal method for diagnosing acute pancreatitis in children. The clinical picture characteristic of the early stage of acute pancreatitis is as follows: acute, constant stabbing pain in the epigastric region, often radiating to the abdominal region and accompanied by dyspeptic disorders. The disease can be confirmed by palpation (Shchetkin-Blumberg, Kerte, Kacha, Mayo-Robson symptoms).

EPIDEMIOLOGY OF TESTICULAR CANCER

Oybek Jalolov — 2025-04-16

This review article, devoted to the study of the epidemiology of testicular tumors, presents the analysis of global statistics on oncological diseases, collected from the materials of the World Health Organization (WHO), especially from the International Agency for Research on Cancer, as well as from the GLOBOCAN database. The article highlights the key trends in the incidence of disease and survival of patients with testicular cancer in various regions, including the countries of America, Western, Eastern and Central Europe, as well as the states of the Middle East and East Asia, Southeast and Central Asia. In parallel, statistical data are provided for the CIS countries. Particular attention is paid to the prevalence of this pathology in the Republic of Uzbekistan. Further, testicular cancer is considered in the light of the etiopathogenesis of carcinogenesis. The risks associated with the development of this disease have various aspects, but are united by a common pathogenetic mechanism: long-term hormonal imbalance in the male body, as well as hereditary and genetic factors, such as a personal or family history of testicular cancer and the presence of hereditary mutations. In addition, a link between ethnicity and the incidence of testicular cancer is highlighted, which emphasizes the importance of taking these factors into account in further research.

MICROELEMENTS AND THEIR IMPORTANCE FOR THE CHILD'S BODY WITH HEMOLYTIC DISEASE OF THE NEWBORNS (literature review)

Abduraim Arzikulov — 2025-04-16

This article is devoted to the study of the role of microelementoses in newborns with HDN. To date, the influence of the balance of essential ME on the adaptation capabilities of children in the physiological course of this period and in the implementation of pathological syndromes has not been sufficiently studied. The study of changes in the parameters of ME in the dynamics of the neonatal period will allow us to expand our understanding of their content balance and the possibility of predicting early adaptation disorders in newborns. Etiological factors, risks of developing HDN in connection with the quantitative change in ME are discussed. Disturbances in the balance of trace elements can not only aggravate the clinical course of HDN, but also cause complications in the form of metabolic disorders that worsen the adaptation of the newborn to life outside the womb. Complex correction of microelementoses can be part of the therapy to minimize the consequences of hemolysis.

PATHOGENESIS AND MOLECULAR-GENETIC ASPECTS OF SALIVARY GLAND TUMORS

Jasur Rizaev — 2025-04-16

This article analyzes the molecular-genetic mechanisms underlying the development of salivary gland tumors. Key genetic mutations (PLAG1, HMGA2, CTNNB1) and their impact on tumor growth are examined. The role of dysregulated signaling pathways (Wnt/β-catenin, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, NF-kB) in carcinogenesis is highlighted. Particular attention is given to the expression of molecular markers (CK7, p40, p63, SOX10, S-100) and their diagnostic significance. The influence of chronic inflammation and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α) on tumor progression is discussed. This review underscores the need for further research to develop new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies aimed at identifying molecular targets and improving approaches to the treatment of salivary gland tumors.

ASSESSMENT OF PSYCHOEMOTIONAL STATE IN CHRONIC HEADACHES: INTERGROUP ANALYSIS USING THE HADS SCALE

Dilafruz Akhmedova — 2025-04-16

Relevance. Headache is one of the most common medical conditions worldwide. Migraine, chronic tension-type headache, and medication-overuse headache significantly affect patients' quality of life. This study assessed the psychoemotional state of patients based on headache types. To evaluate anxiety and depression levels using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and analyze psychological changes associated with different types of headaches. Materials and Methods. The study involved 315 patients divided into four groups: migraine with aura, migraine without aura, chronic tension-type headache (CTTH), and medication-overuse headache. Anxiety and depression levels were assessed using the HADS scale, and intergroup differences were statistically analyzed. Results and Discussion. The study revealed higher levels of anxiety and depression in the migraine with aura and chronic tension-type headache groups. Subclinical depression was more frequently observed in the migraine without aura group compared to other groups. Clinical anxiety and depression levels were also significantly high in the medication-overuse headache group, indicating a strong impact of pain on emotional well-being. Conclusion. Assessing the psychological state of patients with headaches, providing psychological support, and implementing therapy aimed at reducing anxiety and depression is crucial. Integrating neurological and psychological approaches in migraine and headache treatment is essential for effective management.

PREVALENCE OF POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME IN NORMOGONADOTROPIC OVARIAN INSUFFICIENCY

Iroda Tozhieva — 2025-04-16

The aim of the study: diagnosis and assessment of the prevalence of PCOS in normogonadotropic ovarian insufficiency. Materials and Methods.This retrospective study was conducted based on the data of reproductive-aged female patients who visited the Republican Specialized Scientific and Practical Medical Center of Endocrinology from January 2019 to June 2023. The study represents an analysis of medical data collected over this period and aims to examine various aspects of health and the reproductive system in women of reproductive age. Results. A total of 56,977 reproductive-aged women visited the consultative polyclinic of the Republican Specialized Scientific and Practical Medical Center of Endocrinology between January 2019 and June 2023. Among them, 4,786 and 4,372 women had their FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) and LH (luteinizing hormone) levels assessed, respectively. In 3,916 (81.8%) women, gonadotropic hormone levels (FSH, LH) were within the normal range. Among these, 572 women reported menstrual cycle disorders. Based on the 2018 Rotterdam criteria, 66% of these women were diagnosed with PCOS. Conclusions. In our study, we assessed the prevalence of PCOS among women with normogonadotropic ovarian insufficiency (class 2 anovulation according to WHO). PCOS was detected in 66% of the examined patients in this group.

ASSESSMENT OF THE FREQUENCY OF RISK FACTORS FOR CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM DISORDERS

Shakhnoza Yusupova — 2025-04-16

Objective: The aim of the study was to assess the frequency of risk factors for prediabetes and diabetes mellitus among the rural population of Andijan region. Materials and Methods: The study involved 1,800 participants residing in the Marhamat district of Andijan region, representing a 10% representative sample of the unorganized rural population: men and women aged ≥18-65 years. The participants underwent anthropometric measurements (body mass index calculation, waist-to-hip ratio), completed the "DiaXatar" questionnaire to assess and evaluate risk factors for prediabetes and diabetes, and provided blood samples for laboratory and biochemical tests (complete blood and urine tests, cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, glycated hemoglobin, insulin levels, HOMA-IR calculation). Results: The results revealed the most significant risk factors for prediabetes and type 2 diabetes: age—45-54 years for prediabetes, and 54-65 years for type 2 diabetes; female gender (for both prediabetes and type 2 diabetes); the total risk score based on DiaXatar—"≥6-10 points" (low risk for glycemic disorders), "≥16-20 points" (moderate risk for glycemic disorders), and "≥21 points" (high risk for glycemic disorders); BMI (for men, ≥29.4 kg/m² for prediabetes and ≥30.8 kg/m² for type 2 diabetes; for women, ≥31.5 kg/m² for both prediabetes and type 2 diabetes). Conclusion: Regional, gender, age, and epidemiological characteristics of prediabetes were identified in the rural population of Andijan region.

FREQUENCY OF IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA DUE TO GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASES IN CHILDREN

Nargiza Abdukadirova — 2025-04-16

This article examines the main diseases of the digestive system that cause IDA. Purpose of the study. To determine the relationship between the occurrence of IDA in children and gastrointestinal diseases. To identify diseases of the digestive system that most often lead to anemia. Material and methods: A total of 75 patients aged 1 to 17 years were examined, admitted to the 1st clinic of Samara State Medical University from September 2023 to January 2024 with various gastrointestinal disorders. The examined patients were divided into 4 age groups: 1 to 5 years (23), 6 to 11 years (17), 12 to 14 years (16), and 15 to 17 years (19). Examination results: IDA was detected in 46 patients, which accounted for 61% of the total. Of these, 9 patients (20%) had gastric ulcer or duodenal ulcer, 14 patients (30%) had gastritis, and 5 patients had inflammatory bowel disease (11%). Helicobacter pylori infection was detected in 8 of 14 patients with gastritis. Conclusions: A connection was established between the presence of IDA and gastrointestinal diseases. According to our studies, IDA was diagnosed in 46 patients, which accounted for 61% of the total. Of these, 9 patients (20%) had gastric or duodenal ulcers, 14 patients (30%) had gastritis, and 5 patients had inflammatory bowel disease (11%). Helicobacter pylori infection was detected in 8 of the 14 patients with gastritis.

PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES IN JUVENILE ARTHRITIS WITH KIDNEY INVOLVEMENT

Ilkhom Karimjanov — 2025-04-16

Research Objective: To determine the role of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the early diagnosis of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) and kidney involvement. Materials and Methods: The study included data on patients treated at the cardio rheumatological department of a multidisciplinary clinic of TMA from 2021 to 2023. Among them, there were 105 children with the articular form of juvenile idiopathic arthritis, who comprised the main study group. The control group consisted of 30 practically healthy children of similar age undergoing dispensary observation at Family Polyclinic No. 35 in the Chilanzar district. All subjects underwent comprehensive clinical-immunological and laboratory-instrumental examinations. Results: The findings indicate that the duration of JIA in children ranges from 3 months to 8 years, with more frequent involvement of large and medium-sized joints—knee, ankle, wrist, elbow, and hip joints. Persistent disease was observed in 28.9% of the patients, while 71% exhibited progressive disease. Gender-specific analysis of the joint syndrome showed boys had a less pronounced exudative component (39%), with productive-dystrophic changes predominating (61%) in the lower limb joints. In girls, exudation was predominant in the upper limb joints (85%). The average age of patients was 7 years. Radiologically, the severity was mostly assessed as grade II according to Steinbrocker's classification. In children with JIA, an increase in the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines was noted to be 5-10 times higher, depending on whether the disease had an articular or systemic variant. Conclusions: The analysis of clinical variants and the course of juvenile idiopathic arthritis indicates the aggressive and progressive nature of the disease, reflecting the contemporary age evolution of the condition, as well as kidney involvement among internal organs. This underscores the necessity to seek effective methods for optimizing treatment and preventing the toxic effects of medications on the kidneys. The increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-17A) in serum is more than twofold, and it can be utilized to diagnose JIA early.

CLINICAL CASE OF TUBULOPATHY WITH POLYURIA AND RICKETS SYNDROME (hypophosphatemic rickets?)

Nilufar Madzhidova — 2025-04-16

Relevance. Tubulopathies are tubular kidney diseases characterized by various disorders of the tubular transport of electrolytes, minerals, water and organic substances, hereditary (primary tubulopathies) or acquired (secondary tubulopathies). The study of such diseases is associated with many unresolved issues among patients suffering from this pathology. Challenges remain in timely diagnosis, pharmacological treatment, dispensary observation, and patient rehabilitation. The purpose of the study is to describe a clinical case of a patient with tubulopathy with skeletal deformation and polyuria. Material and research methods. In this article, we wanted to share our own clinical observations of a patient with hereditary tubulopathy with polyuria and manifestations of hypophosphatemic rickets, identified among children in the Fergana Valley of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Results of the study. The clinical case of patient S. showed that due to late diagnosis and late initiation of treatment, the patient developed growth retardation, skeletal deformities, as well as dehydration and acidosis. Conclusion. Early detection and genetic counseling are critical in the treatment of tubulopathies in children, especially in families with a history of chronic kidney disease. Further research is needed to explore the genetic and environmental and social factors (consanguineous marriages) that contribute to the development of these diseases in the region. Conducting a molecular genetic study will make it possible to plan tactical steps for treating the patient and subsequently carry out the prevention of the birth of children with tubulopathy in a particular family.

DAMAGE TO THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM IN COMMUNITY ACQUISITED PNEUMONIA IN CHILDREN

Ilhamdzhan Karimdzhanov — 2025-04-16

Relevance. Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) with complications is typical for respiratory diseases and occurs in up to 20% of children. In addition to respiratory failure, children with CAP often experience complications from the central nervous system (CNS). Such complications include toxic-metabolic syndrome, convulsive syndrome, hypoxic encephalopathy. Purpose of the study. Early diagnosis, prevention of complications and optimization of treatment of children with CAP with central nervous system and heart damage. Methods and research. Under observation were 48 children with CAP who were being treated at a multidisciplinary clinic of the Tashkent Medical Academy; 14 (29.16%) children had toxic-metabolic syndrome, 12 (25.00%) had pathological changes in the cardiovascular system. The levels of respiratory failure and saturation indicator were determined, an ultrasound examination of the brain, an ECG and general clinical and laboratory tests were performed. Research results. In 15 (31.25%) sick children, a severe course of VP, symptoms of III degree DN, saturation index ≤85.0%, 16.6% signs of hypoxia during an UTT study of the brain were revealed. 14 (29.16%) treated children had symptoms of damage to the nervous system 18 (37.5%), had pathological changes in the cardiovascular system 17 (35.41%) (decrease in the QRS complex 15 (31.25%), partial block of the right branch of the Hiss bundle 7 (14.58%) and 4 (8.33%) had a partial block of the left branch of the bundle Gissa. Conclusions. To optimize the early diagnosis and treatment of the acute phase of CAP, central nervous system and heart damage, it is necessary to conduct symptomatology of DN, radiography, ultrasonography, MSCT and ECG of the lungs, determine and correct the O2 saturation index, and consult a pediatric neurologist and cardiologist.

RISK FACTORS AND CLINICAL FEATURES OF COMORBID ATOPIC DERMATITIS IN CHILDREN

Maktuba Mirrakhimova — 2025-04-16

Atopic dermatitis is a multifactorial disease caused by the combined effects of genetic changes and trigger mechanisms in the body. It is known that the etiopathogenetic "basis" of multifactorial diseases is the creation of a certain polymorphic form of functionally defective genes (genetic "predispositions", candidate genes, mediator genes) that have a detrimental effect on the environment. Based on historical sources, atopic dermatitis is an "abnormal" genetically determined reaction of the body to inhalation and food allergens, characterized by an increase in the amount of immunoglobulin E (IgE) and specific IgE antibodies in response. In our current work, we will consider the origin of atopic dermatitis and its relationship with other allergic diseases. Risk factors for comorbidity are identified. Materials and methods of the study. The study included 130 children aged 6 to 12 years with bronchial asthma and AtD, who underwent inpatient treatment at the multidisciplinary clinic of the Tashkent Medical Academy in 2019-2024. Study results. Medical, biological and social risk factors for the development of atopic dermatitis in comorbidity with bronchial asthma were identified; the significance of determining the amount of Cys-LT in urine for the early diagnosis of atopic dermatitis in comorbidity with bronchial asthma was established; a method for the early diagnosis of atopic dermatitis in comorbidity with bronchial asthma was developed, a treatment method was improved, the effectiveness of which is based on the determination of leukotrienes in urine and specific IgE in the blood. Conclusion. Based on the obtained scientific results on the identification of clinical manifestations of atopic dermatitis comorbid with bronchial asthma, improvement of diagnostic and treatment methods: optimization of treatment methods and their use at the primary stage in the comorbid course of atopic dermatitis with bronchial asthma in children.

EVALUATION OF THE CLINICAL EFFECTIVENESS OF DIFFERENT METHODS OF ALLERGEN-SPECIFIC IMMUNOTHERAPY IN THE TREATMENT AND PREVENTION OF ALLERGIC DISEASES (BASED ON ADVANCED RESEARCH REVIEW)

Adibaxon Saidxonova — 2025-04-16

The most effective method of treating allergic diseases is allergen-specific immunotherapy (ASIT), which consists in introducing small doses of the antigen responsible for the development of the disease into patients. In this case, the body's sensitivity to this antigen decreases. The use of this method leads to a decrease in the symptoms of the disease, a decrease in the need for treatment, and in addition, it has a long-term clinical effect by preventing the development of allergies and their symptoms. Allergen-specific immunotherapy is a method of anti-inflammatory, pathogenetic and prophylactic treatment of allergic respiratory diseases. This article analyzes the results of the most important clinical studies on the use of allergen-specific immunotherapy in the treatment of allergic diseases (allergic rhinitis and bronchial asthma).

NEW OPPORTUNITIES FOR STUDYING THE FUNCTION OF EXTERNAL RESPIRATORY IN CHILDREN

Gulnoza Tashmatova — 2025-04-16

This article is devoted to such a topical problem of social medicine as asthma and allergy in children, which has important theoretical and practical significance. The aim of the work is to evaluate the diagnostic capabilities of modern methods for studying the function of external respiration in children with exacerbation of bronchial asthma. Materials and methods. We observed 220 children with bronchial asthma aged from 2 to 16 years. Depending on the severity of the course, all children were divided into two groups: 140 children with intermittent, 80 children - with mild persistent course of the disease. The control group consisted of 23 practically healthy children of the same age. Of the functional tests, spirometry was carried out on the Microlab device (England). The assessment of the parameters of the forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC) and the FEV1 / FVC ratio was carried out after the test with a bronchodilator (DAI Salbutamol, 200 mcg). For a more in-depth examination, body plethysmography was performed using the Master Screen Body device (Jaeger, Germany). Statistical analysis was performed using the STATISTICA 10 program. Results and discussion. In all children with bronchial asthma, difficulty breathing occurred mainly at night. In addition, 82.3% of children often recorded attack equivalents (a feeling of shortness of breath, dry paroxysmal cough), which recurred 1-3 times a month, lasting from 5-10 minutes, difficulty breathing was relieved on its own or after a single use of bronchodilators. The FEV1 value in children with bronchial asthma was 92.4%, in children of the control group 100.2%. When analyzing the FEV1/FVC indicator, which characterizes the presence of bronchial obstruction, it was found that in the group of children with bronchial asthma it was 69.6%, while in the control group it was 97.53%. When conducting spirography in children with bronchial asthma after inhalation of 200 mcg salbutamol, the FEV1 level was 101.2% and was comparable with the values of children in the control group. The FEV2 / FVC indicator was within the normal range and was 70.3% in the group of children with bronchial asthma and 95.2% in the group of "conditionally healthy" children. Conclusions. Given the above data, it can be concluded that in children with controlled bronchial asthma, obstructive disorders are not detected when determining lung function by spirography, although the FEV1 and FEV1 / FVC indicators are statistically lower than in the group of healthy children. A reliable increase in OLV is revealed relative to the control group. Based on this, a more in-depth examination, in particular, body plethysmography, is required to clarify the presence of external respiration disorders and pathology of small bronchi in children with bronchial asthma.

АSSЕSSМЕNТ ОF ТHЕ CОMBINАТIОN ОF QUАNTITАTIVЕ АND QUАLITАTIVЕ SIGNS IN NЕPHRОTIC SYNDRОMЕ IN CHILDRЕN WITH АTОPIC DЕRMАTITIS

Lоlа Rаkhmаnоvа — 2025-04-16

Rеlеvаncе. Tоdаy, thе cоmоrbid cоursе оf nеphrоtic syndrоmе (NS) аnd аtоpic dеrmаtitis (АD) is оftеn thе cаusе оf еаrly disаbility dеvеlоpmеnt аnd dеаth duе tо thе yеаr-by-yеаr incrеаsе оf chrоnic kidnеy fаilurе аmоng childrеn аnd thе impаct оf thе disеаsе оn thе nоrmаl grоwth аnd dеvеlоpmеnt оf thе bоdy. Thе purpоsе оf thе study wаs tо еvаluаtе а cоmbinаtiоn оf quаntitаtivе аnd quаlitаtivе symptоms in NS in childrеn with АD. Rеsеаrch mаtеriаl аnd mеthоds. 120 childrеn аgеd 7-11 yеаrs undеrwеnt clinicаl аnd immunоlоgicаl ехаminаtiоn. Аmоng thеm: 1st grоup - NS - 40 pаtiеnt: 2nd grоup - NS+АD - 40 pаtiеnt:; Grоup 3 - АD-40 pаtiеnt. Clinicаl diаgnоsis оf pаtiеnts wаs mаdе bаsеd оn ХKT-10 аnd ISKDC, АPN [(1974-2002)]. Rеsеаrch rеsults. Thе mаthеmаticаl mеthоd оf nеurаl nеtwоrk mоdеling mаdе it pоssiblе tо еvаluаtе cоmbinаtiоns оf quаlitаtivе аnd quаntitаtivе signs оf NS (chrоnic glоmеrulоnеphritis) оn thе bаckgrоund оf аtоpy. High infоrmаtiоn оf quаlitаtivе аnd quаntitаtivе signs: оliguriа, prоtеinuriа, rеductiоn оf SD3 in NS; In NS+АD, swеlling, tоtаl prоtеin dеplеtiоn; Аccоrding tо АD mаrkеrs, itchy skin, high IgЕ. Соnclusiоn. Thе mаthеmаticаl mеthоd оf nеurаl nеtwоrk mоdеling аllоws tо еvаluаtе cоmbinаtiоns оf quаlitаtivе аnd quаntitаtivе signs оf nеphrоtic syndrоmе оn thе bаckgrоund оf аtоpy. Thе fоllоwing immunоpаthоlоgicаl indicаtоrs аrе cоnsidеrеd diаgnоstic critеriа оf nеphrоtic syndrоmе in childrеn with АD: incrеаsеd АBL in rеlаtiоn tо kidnеy tissuеs, CIC, IgЕ, оvеrprоductiоn оf IL2, IL4.

FEATURES OF THE CLINICAL COURSE OF RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS AT DIFFERENT STAGES OF ITS DEVELOPMENT

Farida Iskandarova — 2025-03-14

Relevance. Despite great advances in the diagnosis and treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), which have led to a significant improvement in the prognosis of many patients, the fundamental medical problems of this pathology – restoring the quality of life and reducing mortality to the population level – are far from being resolved. The purpose of the study was to study the features of the clinical and functional parameters (DAS28, VAS, FC) of RA in the early and advanced course of the disease. Materials and methods of the study. The results of a survey of 103 patients with RA in the early and advanced stages of the disease were included, a comparative assessment of the disease activity was performed according to the DAS28 index, the level of pain in the affected joints was assessed on the VAS scale and the level of functional disorders in the joints (FNS). Research results. Studies have shown that patients in group I were characterized by more severe FNS compared to patients in group II (p<0.001). The pain intensity according to the VAS scale was also 20% higher in patients of group I compared with group II (p<0.001). Disease activity according to DAS28 was higher in patients of group I compared with group II (p<0.01). Conclusion. Thus, the analysis of the main clinical indicators of the disease clearly showed a more severe and prolonged course of the disease in patients with advanced RA compared with patients with early RA.

NORMALNYE HISTOSTRUKTURNYE KOMPONENTY BRONCHIALNOY STENKI

Abdulatif Djuraev — 2025-04-16

Relevance: The purpose of choosing this topic is related to the need to study the cellular structures of the respiratory epithelium. The mucous membrane of the respiratory tract consists of a complex system of cells that perform protective functions. The sources contain studies on the microscopic structure of the epithelial lining of the trachea and age-related features of the transport function, but there is little information about the epithelial layer of the bronchi. The purpose of the study is to study the morphological structure of the bronchial wall of deceased patients without respiratory system diseases. Materials and methods. In 2020-2024, a complex histological and histochemical examination of bronchial wall fragments and lung tissue sections of 26 deceased individuals aged 45 to 70 years without respiratory system diseases was conducted at the Department of Pathological Anatomy of the Multidisciplinary Clinic of Samarkand State Medical University. Research results: The muscular layer of the mucous membrane of the wall of the large-caliber bronchi consists of 3-5 rows of smooth muscle cells, which have a weak basophilic nucleus and eosinophilic cytoplasm. The submucosal layer of the bronchi consists of bundles of connective tissue fibers and hyaline cartilage, there are hyaline cartilage plates that are interconnected by thin connective tissue fibers, which in turn form a fibrous cartilage layer. Conclusion. Data obtained as a result of histological and histochemical examination of fragments of bronchial walls and lung tissue taken as samples from deceased adult patients without respiratory system diseases.

FEATURES OF ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION IN PATIENTS WITH COMBINED PATHOLOGY OF BRONCHIAL ASTHMA AND CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE

Aziza Nasirova — 2025-04-16

Introduction. Mortality from respiratory infections (ARI) has always been high, and is included in the list of the 10 leading causes of death of the world's population according to the World Health Organization[1,9,10]. Bronchial asthma (BA) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are pathologies of the respiratory tract characterized by chronic bronchial obstruction. Both diseases occur due to the interactions of environmental factors and the human body, which lead to a wide range of clinical manifestations. The aim of the study was to evaluate the role of nitric oxide metabolites in the formation of endothelial dysfunction in patients with bronchial asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and their combination. Research materials and methods: 115 patients and 20 healthy volunteers were examined at the Department of Pulmonology and Allergology of the Samarkand City Medical Association. Results and conclusions. To identify endothelial dysfunction, we studied the ratio of NO2 and NO3 indicators both in the composition of the CV and in the blood. The results showed that patients with COPD +ASTHMA had increased concentrations of NO2 and NO3 compared with the isolated course of the disease (P<0.05; P<0.001) both in the acute and remission stages, which confirmed a high level of endothelial system dysfunction in the combined course of the disease.

PATHOMORPHOLOGY OF CHANGES IN ALVEOLAR STRUCTURES OF THE LUNGS IN PNEUMOPATHIES AT DIFFERENT PERIODS OF GESTATION

Nurzhakhon Abdullayeva — 2025-04-16

Pathomorphological changes in the alveolar structures of the lungs of fetuses and newborn infants who died from various forms of pneumopathy were noted at 22-28 weeks of gestation: total atelectasis, diapedetic hemorrhages, desquamation of the mucous epithelium of the bronchioles, at 29-31 and 32-36 weeks of gestation: small scattered primary atelectasis, hyaline membranes, edematous-hemorrhagic changes, at 38-40 weeks gestation and in newborns on days 1-7 edematous-hemorrhagic and atelectatic changes, and on days 8-28 of gestation edematous-hemorrhagic changes. Relevance: Pneumopathy occupies a special place among respiratory diseases of newborns [1, 2, 6]. UNICEF studies have noted that pneumopathies cause stillbirths and death of newborns with disabilities in many countries of the world [3, 4, 5]. The aim and objectives of the study are to study the pathomorphological changes in various forms of pneumopathies in fetuses and newborns of different gestational ages. Materials and methods - The study studied the alveolar structures of the lungs of fetuses and newborns who died of pneumopathies in maternity hospitals of Andijan region in 2020-2024. Research results: At 18-22 weeks, the formation of 3rd-order respiratory bronchioles, alveolar clefts, and sacs, the alveolar appearance of 3rd-order bronchioles, and the formation of fetal arteries were observed.

INFLUENCE OF MULTIPLE UTERINE FIBROIDS AND DERMOD CYST ON UNFAVORABLE PREGNANCY OUTCOME (case report)

Mokhegul Mamatkulova — 2025-04-16

Relevance. The prevalence of uterine fibroids during pregnancy, reported in some studies, ranges from 1.6 to 16.7%, varying from one trimester to another. Ovarian tumors during pregnancy occur in 0.1-3.4% of women. Due to the fact that publications describing the features of the gestational period in patients with ovarian teratomas are few, this article presents a clinical case of an ovarian dermoid cyst diagnosed during cesarean section. Objective: to study the features of an unfavorable outcome of uterine fibroids on the outcome of pregnancy, as well as the onset of pregnancy in dermoid cysts. Materials and methods of the study. The birth histories of patients with unfavorable pregnancy outcomes for the first quarter of 2025 in the maternity complex No. 3 in Samarkand were studied. We present you a clinical case of a combination of gynecological pathology with pregnancy, which was the reason for hysterectomy. A clinical and laboratory examination of a patient with multiple uterine myoma during pregnancy was conducted. Research results. During this pregnancy, no clinical manifestations or ultrasound signs of dermoid were noted. All blood and urine test results were within normal limits. However, during operative delivery performed due to multiple fibroids, a space-occupying lesion measuring 8 x 10 cm and 10 x 10 cm was found in the abdominal cavity to the right and left of the uterus in the area of the appendages. The tumor was removed, and upon dissection of the macropreparation, a conclusion was made about the presence of ovarian dermoid. Subsequent pathological and histological examination confirmed the assumption that the space-occupying lesion belonged to the subgroup of ovarian dermoid cysts. Conclusions. Although antenatal surgery was safe, there are some risks associated with abdominal surgery for pregnant women. As a result, the treatment strategy should be selected based on the risk-benefit analysis of the characteristics of the appendages and gestational age. Pregnant patients with fibroids are subject to a high level of complications in the prenatal, intrapartum and postpartum periods.

INHIBIN A AS A PREDICTOR OF RECURRENT PREGNANCY LOSS IN WOMEN WITH HYPERPROLACTINEMIA

Diyora Mukhammedaminova — 2025-04-16

Background. Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) remains a significant challenge in obstetric practice, impacting the physical and psychological well-being of affected women. Hyperprolactinemia, a common endocrine disorder among women of reproductive age, is associated with an increased risk of early pregnancy loss. Research Objective. To evaluate inhibin A as a biomarker for predicting recurrent pregnancy loss in women suffering from hyperprolactinemia and to highlight its diagnostic significance in early gestation. The article presents a comprehensive review of clinical and experimental findings related to inhibin A secretion dynamics, its role in endocrine regulation, and its diagnostic relevance in early pregnancy complications. The relationship between hyperprolactinemia and impairments in endometrial receptivity, luteal phase function, and hormonal support of early pregnancy is discussed in detail. Additionally, comparative analyses of inhibin A levels in normal versus complicated pregnancies are examined, with attention to its fluctuations across gestational trimesters.

OPTIMIZATION OF NEPHROGENIC SEPSIS REHABILITATION IN CHILDREN

Ilxamjan Karimdjanov — 2025-04-16

Relevance. This retrospective study involved the examination of 34 children aged 7 to 14 years suffering from nephrogenic sepsis. Detailed anamnesis data were collected, including physical development indicators, general and biochemical blood tests, urinalysis, and stool analysis. Aim of the study. The primary objective was to assess the clinical effectiveness of comprehensive therapy using the drug Nefroton Kids in combating infections caused by the most common pathogens of sepsis in children. Materials and methods of the study. The treatment protocol included the use of Nefroton Kids as part of combination therapy for managing infections such as Escherichia coli (E. coli) (responsible for approximately 60–80% of cases), Klebsiella spp., Proteus mirabilis, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Enterococcus faecalis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Results. Clinical, laboratory, and instrumental data indicated an improvement in the patients' condition, with the recovery period reduced by 2–5 days. Conclusion. Thus, the use of Nefroton Kids appears to be effective not only in the treatment of kidney pathologies but also in preventing complications arising after nephrogenic sepsis.

FREQUENTLY ILL CHILDREN WITH URATE NEPHROPATHY AND THEIR SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS

Barno Karimova — 2025-04-16

The purpose of the study. Determining the share of children with uric nephropathy in the structure of frequently ill children, and studying their social characteristics. Material and research methods. Scientific research was conducted in 2015-2018 on 120 children aged 1-7 years. Frequently sick children were selected, including 100 children diagnosed with urate nephropathy, 50 healthy children of the same age, outpatient cards of children in the control group, as well as 50 pregnant women's medical cards and 50 of their children's medical cards and medical history were retrospectively analyzed. Results. It is known that external environmental factors, the effect of viruses on the body, bacteria, drugs, complications of natural phenomena, climate change, the nature of food, etc. play a major role in the development of urinary system pathologies. From the obtained results, it was determined that the incidence of urinary tract pathology and hospitalization due to the disease are seasonal in nature. In particular, seasonal seasonality was determined in February, April, August and December of 2021-2023. The medical history of mothers of children with urinary tract pathology during pregnancy was studied. The obtained results showed that among the pathologies of the urinary system in mothers, 2021 were chronic pyelonephritis (4%), chronic glomerulonephritis (6%); 2022 - chronic pyelonephritis (8%), chronic glomerulonephritis (8%), dysmetabolic nephropathy (2%); 2023 - chronic pyelonephritis (10%), dysmetabolic nephropathy (8%), chronic cystitis (4%) were detected. It was noted that 22.0% of pregnant women, including 1 in 5, had pathologies of the urinary system. Conclusion. Acutely ill children with urate nephropathy are characterized by a moderate and severe course and duration, tonsillitis (30.4%), otitis (6.5%), bronchitis (16.2%), gastroduodenitis (9.8%), recurrent laryngotracheitis (13.8%) is more common. Urinary tract diseases in children who get sick quickly are characterized by seasonality, often children are treated in the hospital in February, April, August, December. Chronic pyelonephritis (8.4%), enuresis (7.5%), dysmetabolic nephropathy (7.2%), and chronic glomerulonephritis (3.3%) are among the diseases of the urinary tract in rapidly ill children.