Medical science of Uzbekistan

DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF INDIVIDUAL HYGIENE MEASURES IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING ORTHODONTIC TREATMENT

2025-11-05T12:04:36+05:00

Relevance. In recent years, the study of oral microflora has become a relevant scientific direction in dentistry and orthodontics. Oral microflora plays an important role in human health, as it is directly associated with diseases such as caries, gingivitis, periodontitis, and stomatitis. During orthodontic treatment, the presence of fixed or removable orthodontic appliances changes the balance of the microflora, leading to an increase in the number of cariogenic and periodontal pathogenic bacteria. Research shows that if oral hygiene is not maintained, orthodontic appliances can intensify plaque accumulation, causing inflammation and demineralization. In this study, more than 30 scientific works from major international sources such as Scopus, Web of Science, and PubMed, including those by Melsen, Lucchese, Ristic, Perinetti, and Kolesnikova, were analyzed. Both fixed and removable orthodontic appliances, as well as hygienic tools (toothbrushes, interdental brushes, fluoride toothpaste, dental floss, and chlorhexidine solution), were studied. Clinical indicators such as the supragingival bacterial matrix index and gingival index were evaluated. Data were analyzed using Student’s t-test and ANOVA methods. The article noted that the amount of Lactobacillus and other cariogenic bacteria was higher in patients with fixed orthodontic appliances. The study showed that orthodontic appliances placed in the oral cavity alter the balance of microflora and increase the growth of cariogenic bacteria. Fixed appliances cause a higher degree of pathogenic colonization, while the effect of removable appliances is relatively milder. After removal of the appliances, a tendency toward restoration of the microflora was observed. Therefore, orthodontists should regularly monitor patients’ oral hygiene and implement individual hygiene programs. In the future, the use of antimicrobial materials and improved hygienic approaches can further enhance the effectiveness of orthodontic treatment.

CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ANTIBIOTIC-ASSOCIATED DIARRHE IN EARLY CHILDHOOD

2025-11-05T12:05:16+05:00

Objective. To determine the clinical features of antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD) in young children, to compare differences between infectious and non-infectious forms, and to assess patterns of fever response, dehydration, and the distribution of key symptoms. Materials and Methods. A total of 140 children aged 1 month to 3 years, hospitalized with clinically confirmed AAD following antibacterial therapy, were analyzed at the Samarkand State Medical University and the Samarkand Multidisciplinary Medical Children’s Center during 2023–2025. Results. Higher body temperatures (38–39 °C and >39 °C) were more frequent in infectious forms. In the Cl.difficile (Cl+) group, meteorism (82.3%), loss of appetite (67.7%), and abdominal pain (53.2%) predominated. In the non-infectious form, mild to moderate dehydration was more frequently observed. Conclusion. AAD in early childhood varies depending on its etiology: infectious forms are associated with a stronger inflammatory response, while the Cl+ phenotype has distinctive clinical indicators. In contrast, non-infectious forms are characterized predominantly by mild to moderate dehydration.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF OBSTETRIC COMPLICATIONS IN ADOLESCENTS AND WOMEN OF REPRODUCTIVE AGE

2025-11-05T12:04:56+05:00

Relevance: The problem of teenage pregnancy retains its medical and social significance on a global scale. The gestational process in adolescence occurs against the background of physiological and psychosocial immaturity, which predisposes to the development of a wide range of obstetric and perinatal complications. A comparative analysis of the features of the course of pregnancy and childbirth in this age cohort is necessary for the development of targeted preventive measures. The aim of the study was to conduct a comparative assessment of the structure, frequency and nature of obstetric and perinatal complications in pregnant adolescents in comparison with women of optimal reproductive age. Materials and methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted at the maternity hospital No. 3 in Samarkand. 190 medical records of women in labor were analyzed, which formed two groups: the main group (n=95) – patients aged 13-19 years and the control group (n=95) – women 20-30 years. Clinical and statistical methods of analysis were used to assess the significance of the differences (criterion χ2, Student's t-test at p<0.05). Results: A statistically significant prevalence of gestosis in the main group (33.7% vs. 18.9%; p<0.05), anemia of pregnant women (56.8% vs. 34.7%; p<0.01), premature birth (22.1% vs. 9.5%; p<0.05) and surgical delivery by cesarean section (37.9% vs. 22.1%; p<0.05). Perinatal outcomes in adolescents were characterized by a higher birth rate of children with low body weight (<2500 g) – 27.3% versus 9.5% (p<0.01) and reduced Apgar scores at 1 minute (36.8% versus 18.9%; p<0.05). Conclusions: Pregnancy in adolescence is a model of high reproductive risk, which is confirmed by a significant increase in the frequency of major obstetric and perinatal complications. The data obtained dictate the need to introduce differentiated protocols for follow-up of young pregnant women, providing for a multidisciplinary approach, enhanced monitoring of the fetoplacental system and active prevention of alimentary-dependent conditions.

THE INFLUENCE OF MOTOR FLUCTUATIONS ON PSYCHOEMOTIONAL STATUS AND QUALITY OF LIFE IN PARKINSON'S DISEASE

2025-11-05T12:04:16+05:00

Relevance. Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disease of the nervous system and one of the most topical problems in neurology. Motor fluctuations are a common complication of long-term levodopa treatment in patients with Parkinson's disease. Рurpose of the study. To study the effect of motor fluctuations on the psychoemotional state and quality of life of patients with Parkinson's disease. Materials and methods of the study. The study included 120 patients with various clinical forms of Parkinson's disease. To compare the parameters during the study, the patients were divided into 2 groups: patients with motor fluctuations (55 people) and patients without motor fluctuations (65 people). All patients underwent clinical neurological and neuropsychological examinations. Research results. In the group with motor fluctuations, the comorbid form of affective disorders, that is, depression + anxiety, was significantly higher: in the group with fluctuations - 54.5% (30/55 patients), in the group without fluctuations - 24.6% (16/65 patients). When assessing the significance of this difference using the χ² test, the obtained value was p<0.01. Thus, it can be noted that motor fluctuations are strongly associated with more severe and comorbid forms of mental disorders (depression and anxiety). The results obtained based on the PDQ-39 scale domains show that psychoemotional disorders have varying degrees of negative impact on virtually all areas of life. Conclusion. When assessing quality of life using the PDQ-39 questionnaire, patients with anxiety and depression showed a significant decrease in indicators such as mobility, daily activities, emotional state, cognitive function, and social support. The greatest negative impact was observed in the group with comorbid depression and anxiety.

HEMODYNAMICS OF THE KIDNEY IN CHILDREN WITH OBESITY

2025-11-05T12:03:56+05:00

Abstract: the original article presents the results of a study of the relationship between impaired renal function and microalbuminuria as a manifestation of complications in obesity in children. The results of the study are recommended for implementation in the practice of endocrinologists, pediatricians and nephrologists. Objective of the study: to study the functional state of the kidneys based on Doppler ultrasound in relation to the level of microalbuminuria. 40 children with obesity aged 5 to 18 years were examined, 20 children with normal body weight for their age formed the control group. Results of the study: a relationship was found between the pathology of carbohydrate and lipid status and the level of microalbuminuria. The data are presented, characterized by the violation of renal hemodynamics at the level of interlobar and arcuate renal arteries in children with obesity and severe microalbuminuria. Conclusion: a decrease in the rate of hemodynamics at the level of large renal vessels allows us to consider them as a marker of early disorders of renal hemodynamics.

POLYMORPHISM PRO12ALA OF THE PPARG-2 GENE (rs1801282) IN CHILDREN WITH OBESITY

2025-11-05T12:03:37+05:00

Resume: This article presents data from a study of the Pro12Ala polymorphism of the PPARG-2 gene in obese children. The study results are recommended for widespread implementation in the practice of pediatric hospital physicians. The aim of the work: to study the frequency of the Pro12Ala polymorphism of the PPARG 2 gene in children with different types of obesity. Materials and methods: a comparative characteristic of the study of the frequency of carriage of the Pro 12 Ala polymorphism of the PPARG-2 gene in 211 children with obesity and 104 children with normal body weight was carried out. The method of molecular genetic examination was used. Results: It was revealed that the Pro 12 Pro genotype of the Pro 12 Ala polymorphism of the PPARG-2 isoform gene of the peroxisome activator gene was directly associated with the formation of obesity in children and adolescents, namely abdominal obesity. The predisposing genotype in children with AO was Pro12 Pro, and in children with abdominal obesity without metabolic disorders, the frequency of the minor allele 12Ala was statistically higher compared to children with manifestations of MS, which allows us to classify this allele as protective for the development of metabolic disorders.

MICROALBUMINURIA IN CHILDREN WITH METABOLIC SYNDROME

2025-11-05T12:03:17+05:00

Resume: This article presents data on urinary albumin excretion in obese children. The study results are recommended for widespread implementation by general practitioners in central district primary care clinics. Objective: To assess renal function by determining microalbuminuria levels. Materials and Methods: A total of 200 children with exogenous-constitutional obesity, divided into groups with abdominal and uniform fat distribution, were examined, along with 98 children with normal body weight. A combination of anthropometric, biochemical, and enzyme immunoassay studies was conducted, and urinary albumin excretion levels were determined. Study results: The obtained results characterize microalbuminuria as a predictor of the development of metabolic syndrome in abdominal obesity, starting in children aged 7-9 years, with a tendency for pathological levels to increase at ages 16-18 years. A pronounced albumin excretion was noted in boys with abdominal obesity, as well as a clear correlation between the increase in urinary albumin and the degree of obesity. Conclusions: All children with abdominal obesity, regardless of the number of metabolic syndrome components, had pathological microalbuminuria, which characterizes microalbuminuria as a predictor of the development of complications associated with abdominal obesity, which worsen depending on the severity of metabolic pathology.

LIVER STIFFNESS METHODS IN CHILDREN WITH OBESITY USING SHEAR WAVE ELASTOGRAPHY

2025-11-05T12:02:57+05:00

Resume: This original article presents data on the study of liver parenchymal stiffness using elastography in obese and normal-weight children. The obtained results can be incorporated into the practice of pediatricians and pediatric gastroenterologists. Objective: To evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of liver ultrasound elastography in patients with obesity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Materials and Methods: Sixty-eight children with obesity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease were studied. All children underwent liver parenchymal stiffness testing using the Fibroscan device. Study results: These results have significant prognostic value and confirm the pathogenetic role of NAFLD in the development of fibrotic liver changes in children with visceral obesity associated with impaired carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Elevated ALT activity reflects impaired liver metabolism and is accompanied by the development of liver inflammation induced by hyperleptinemia and leptin resistance. Conclusions: The combination of metabolic disturbances associated with inflammation in children with visceral obesity contributes to the progression of liver steatosis and the development of fibrosis, which creates the preconditions for the subsequent development of steatohepatitis.